Discharge of a contract is defined as the act after that an agreement, or a contract is declared null and void. A contract is legally binding and signifies certain pre-recorded contractual obligations between two or more parties.
Discharge of contract signifies the termination of the contract as the obligations have come to an end, and this can take place because of several reasons.
Discharge of contract Meaning
When a contract has been signed the duties, rights, and obligations are written in detail in the contract. Sometimes the circumstances are such that the contract is not fulfilled as per the letter and the contract then stands discharged.
Once it happens, the obligations remain incomplete, and the parties are no longer liable. Discharge of a contract is referred to a contract that has been canceled or terminated because of some reason or other. When the sides have performed their duties as per written in the agreement, it can also be called discharge of the contract.
In this case, it is known as the discharge of a contract that is fully performed.
Essentials of a valid tender
The essentials of a valid tender are as follows-
- It should be unconditional
- Must be made at proper place and time
- Is for the entire obligation as specified in the contractual agreement
- The tenderer must be willing and able to perform
- The tender must refer to a proper person
- Reasonable opportunity must be given to the buyer to inspect the products
- Tender must be made to only one promisee if there are more than one
Reasons for the discharge of contract
The discharge of contract means the end of a contractual obligation between parties has come to an end. As per the Contract Act Section 73 – 75 you can release the agreement under certain modes which are discussed below-
#1. Discharge by Performance
When the parties involved in the contract are able to meet the stipulated conditions and fulfill their obligations satisfactorily in a timely manner, then the contract is said to be Discharged by Performance.
Adam decides to sell his car to Jack at a sum of Rs 200,000. As soon as Jack receives the car, he pays Adam the agreed amount. This agreement is under Discharge by Performance. It can be further classified into two types
#1.1 Actual Performance
When the parties involved in the contract fulfill their obligations as per the set terms and conditions precisely, it is known as Actual Performance.
In the above example, all the parties have fulfilled their obligation, and this is known as Actual Performance.
#1.2 Attempted Performance
In some cases, the party promises certain obligations and even attempts to fulfill them, but the promisee refuses to accept it, then it is known as Attempted Performance.
The contract is then deemed as Attempted Performance, and the tenderer is discharged from his obligation for non-performance of the said contract without prejudicing his rights in any way against the promisee.
If in the above example if Jack refused to acknowledge the contract when Adam was willing to give his car at the stipulated price, then it is known as Attempted Performance.
#2. Discharge by Mutual or Substituted Agreement
When the parties involved in a contract agree to alter, remit, or annul the existing contract with a new one, it is called Discharge by Mutual Agreement. Suppose Peter and Jack have a contract that Peter will pay Jack Rs 5 lakh after one year.
Circumstances are such that he is unable to pay the full amount. He then approaches Jack and agrees to pay Rs 4 lakh instead of 5 lakhs as stipulated in the agreement. Jack is willing, and they both sign a new contract, and the terms are met.
This types of Discharge are further classified as-
#2.1 Novation
The term Novation means an original contract is substituted by a new one with the same or different parties. For the contract to be effective and valid, it is important to gain the consent of both the old and new parties and agree that the original contract will no longer be enforced.
#2.2 Rescission
The term Rescission refers to canceling of some or all terms of the contract mutually.
#2.3 Alteration
The term Alteration is applicable when all the parties involved in the contractual agreement agree to change one or several terms. It results in a new contract but with the same parties with the assumption that everyone involved will gain different benefits under the new contract.
#2.4 Waiver
The term waiver is applicable when one party abandons his right, and the other party is then released from his obligation.
#3. Discharge of Contract Lapse of Time
The Limitation Act, 1963 is specific about the period of limitations for all the contracts. If for any reason the contract is not enforced within the period of limitation it is known as Discharge by Lapse of Time. The limitation period for debt is three years, and recovering of immovable property is twelve years.
The contractual obligations become disqualified by time after the expiry of the limitation period. For example, Jill takes a loan from Stella and agrees to pay the amount back in four years. She fails to make even a single payment. Stella approached Jill a few times and later gets busy.
After three years, she approaches the court for recovery of money, but her suit is rejected as the limitation period has lapsed.
#4 Discharge by Impossibility of Performance
In some cases, circumstances might happen that might make it impossible to fulfill the contract.
It is not the fault of either party and can be due to any of the reason like unforeseen, and neither party is responsible for it then the court can Levy the term Discharge by Impossibility of Performance and neither party will be liable for it.
For example, Sita is pregnant and agrees to give her baby to Gita who cannot have children. After some months, she miscarries and is unable to fulfill her promise. The terms of the contract are null and void.
#5 Discharge of Operation of law
The termination of a contract by Discharge of Operation of Law is applicable in the circumstances like the death of the promisor or insolvency. For example, Ram takes a loan in his name and agrees to pay the sum at one time after two years to Shyam.
After a few months, he meets with an accident and expires. Shyam cannot expect the amount from Ram’s children in the event of his death because the contract was between the two of them and did not mention others.
#6 Discharge by Accord and Satisfaction
When the parties involved in the contract agree to accept something that is different from the original promise, it is known as Discharge by Accord and Satisfaction. It can be applicable in
#6.1 Accord
The term Accord means that an act is performed to fulfill an existing duty. It suspends the original contract but does not discharge it.
#6.2 Satisfaction
The term Satisfaction means the performance is satisfactory and discharges the original obligation of the contract.
#7 Discharge by Breach of Contract
This type of discharge occurs when one party fails to fulfill his obligations or when his performance is not up to the mark. A breach of contract is not the end of the obligation as the aggrieved party has the authority to decide whether he wants to terminate the contract or not.
#7.1 Anticipatory Breach
It let goes the promisor from fulfilling his obligation, and the promisee cannot file a suit for damages
#7.2 Actual Breach
In this case, the promisee has the right of action for any damage that might have occurred
